Near‐surface hydraulic conductivity of northern hemisphere glaciers          下载免费PDF全文

Ian T. Stevens  Tristram D.L. Irvine‐Fynn  Philip R. Porter  Joseph M. Cook  Arwyn Edwards  Martin Smart  Brian J. Moorman  Andy J. Hodson  Andrew C. Mitchell 《水文研究》2018,32(7):850-865

The hydrology of near‐surface glacier ice remains a neglected aspect of glacier hydrology despite its role in modulating meltwater delivery to downstream environments. To elucidate the hydrological characteristics of this near‐surface glacial weathering crust, we describe the design and operation of a capacitance‐based piezometer that enables rapid, economical deployment across multiple sites and provides an accurate, high‐resolution record of near‐surface water‐level fluctuations. Piezometers were employed at 10 northern hemisphere glaciers, and through the application of standard bail–recharge techniques, we derive hydraulic conductivity (K) values from 0.003 to 3.519 m day^?1, with a mean of 0.185 ± 0.019 m day^?1. These results are comparable to those obtained in other discrete studies of glacier near‐surface ice, and for firn, and indicate that the weathering crust represents a hydrologically inefficient aquifer. Hydraulic conductivity correlated positively with water table height but negatively with altitude and cumulative short‐wave radiation since the last synoptic period of either negative air temperatures or turbulent energy flux dominance. The large range of K observed suggests complex interactions between meteorological influences and differences arising from variability in ice structure and crystallography. Our data demonstrate a greater complexity of near‐surface ice hydrology than hitherto appreciated and support the notion that the weathering crust can regulate the supraglacial discharge response to melt production. The conductivities reported here, coupled with typical supraglacial channel spacing, suggest that meltwater can be retained within the weathering crust for at least several days. Not only does this have implications for the accuracy of predictive meltwater run‐off models, but we also argue for biogeochemical processes and transfers that are strongly conditioned by water residence time and the efficacy of the cascade of sediments, impurities, microbes, and nutrients to downstream ecosystems. Because continued atmospheric warming will incur rising snowline elevations and glacier thinning, the supraglacial hydrological system may assume greater importance in many mountainous regions, and consequently, detailing weathering crust hydraulics represents a research priority because the flow path it represents remains poorly constrained.  相似文献   

精密单点定位结合EGM2008模型在新疆某河地质断面测量中的应用     

李玉平 《测绘与空间地理信息》2020,(1):192-195

针对新疆某河地质断面测量范围大、测区通行困难、测量部位分散、传统控制测量方法工作量大且效率低的问题,在测区每条断面上布设断面基点作为控制点并用GNSS接收机静态观测(无需同步),选用武汉大学开发的Trip2.0软件加载事后精密星历和精密钟差等信息解算静态观测数据得到ITRF框架下的三维坐标,然后采用TBC软件加载EGM2008超高阶地球重力场模型点校正得到控制点的国家平面坐标和正常高。结果表明,Trip2.0软件计算的三维点位中误差最大为0.066 m,点校正坐标转换残差与已知点差值均满足限差要求;该方法平面控制测量工作量比传统方案减少46%,五等水准测量比传统方案减少98%,节约工期约56%。实践表明,采用该方法可快速地实现测区面积大、测点分散、控制点稀少区域的平面及高程控制测量。  相似文献   

基于MODIS数据的湖北省地级以上城市城区地表温度变化分析     

李韶颖  车风  邵军  陈涛  周婧娟 《测绘与空间地理信息》2020,(2):76-78

基于MODIS数据,以湖北省地级以上城市城区为研究对象,通过对湖北省13个地级以上城市城区边界矢量数据与地表温度因子进行套合处理,采用叠置分析方法对2000、2015、2017年湖北省地级以上城市城区的地表温度进行统计,并分析城镇化建设对城区地表温度产生的影响。  相似文献   

Evaluation of riverbed magnetic susceptibility for mapping biogeochemical hot spots in groundwater-impacted rivers     

Chen Wang  Martin A. Briggs  Frederick D. Day-Lewis  Lee D. Slater 《水文研究》2021,35(5):e14184

Redox hot spots occurring as metal-rich anoxic groundwater discharges through oxic wetland and river sediments commonly result in the formation of iron (Fe) oxide precipitates. These redox-sensitive precipitates influence the release of nutrients and metals to surface water and can act as ‘contaminant sponges’ by absorbing toxic compounds. We explore the feasibility of a non-invasive, high-resolution magnetic susceptibility (MS) technique to efficiently map the spatial variations of magnetic Fe oxide precipitates in the shallow bed of three rivers impacted by anoxic groundwater discharge. Laboratory analyses on Mashpee River (MA, USA) sediments demonstrate the sensitivity of MS to sediment Fe concentrations. Field surveys in the Mashpee and Quashnet rivers (MA, USA) reveal several discrete high MS zones, which are associated with likely anoxic groundwater discharge as evaluated by riverbed temperature, vertical head gradient, and groundwater chemistry measurements. In the East River (CO, USA), widespread cobbles/rocks exhibit high background MS from geological ferrimagnetic minerals, thereby obscuring the relatively small enhancement of MS from groundwater induced Fe oxide precipitates. Our study suggests that, in settings with low geological sources of magnetic minerals such as lowland rivers and wetlands, MS may serve as a complementary tool to temperature methods for efficiently mapping Fe oxide accumulation zones due to anoxic groundwater discharges that may function as biogeochemical hot spots and water quality control points in gaining systems.  相似文献   

我国海洋动力灾害研究进展与展望   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

侯一筠  尹宝树  管长龙  郭明克  刘桂梅  胡珀 《海洋与湖沼》2020,51(4):759-767

海洋动力灾害(包括灾害性海浪、风暴潮、海冰、海啸等)是对我国沿海地区造成破坏和损失最大的自然灾害之一。开展海洋动力灾害研究具有重要意义和迫切的国家需求。本文回顾我国建国以来在海洋动力灾害研究方向的主要进展,重点针对近年来我国在海洋动力灾害数值模拟预报以及灾害风险评估等方面的进展进行综述,并在此基础上提出未来的发展展望,希望给海洋防灾减灾科研工作者提供参考。  相似文献   

基于广义回归神经网络的全球表层海水1°×1°二氧化碳分压数据推演     

钟国荣  李学刚  曲宝晓  王彦俊  袁华茂  宋金明 《海洋学报》2020,42(10):70-79

表层海水二氧化碳分压是评估海洋碳源汇强度的关键参数，但其实测数据较少、时空分布极不均匀，导致二氧化碳交换通量的估算有很大的不确定性，海洋源汇特征就不能确切获取。为了解决这个难题，在收集的表层大洋二氧化碳地图(Surface Ocean CO₂ Atlas，SOCAT)实测数据集基础上，运用广义回归神经网络建立二氧化碳分压与经纬度、时间、温度、盐度和叶绿素浓度间的非线性关系，构建了1998?2018年间全球1°×1°经纬度的表层海水二氧化碳分压格点数据，其标准误差为16.93 μatm，平均相对误差为2.97%，优于现有研究中的前反馈神经网络、自组织映射神经网络和机器学习算法等方法。根据构建的数据所绘制的全球表层海水二氧化碳分压的分布与现有研究有较好的一致性。  相似文献   

长江口咸潮入侵变化特征及成因分析     

李文善  王慧  左常圣  董军兴  徐浩  潘嵩  金波文  高通 《海洋学报》2020,42(7):32-40

本文基于海洋站潮位观测数据、海平面变化影响调查信息以及长江口水文站径流量数据等，重点分析了2009?2018年长江口咸潮入侵的变化特征及其影响因素，分析结果表明:(1)长江口咸潮入侵季节变化特征明显。咸潮一般从每年的9?10月开始入侵，翌年4?5月结束。3月咸潮入侵次数最多，达12次。2009?2018年，长江口咸潮入侵次数和咸潮持续时间均呈下降趋势，2009年长江口咸潮入侵次数最多，达13次，时间均发生在10月至翌年的4月；咸潮持续时间年际变化较大，2011年咸潮入侵持续时间最长，累计为55 d。2015?2018年，咸潮入侵次数和入侵持续时间均明显减少，2018年没有监测到咸潮入侵过程。(2) 1?4月，长江口处于季节性低海平面期，且同期径流量少，但是受东亚季风影响，持续的增水过程使得增减水?径流量综合影响指数明显偏高，其中1月、2月、3月的影响指数分别为1.5、1.9和1.6，该时段长江口的咸潮入侵过程主要受增减水的影响。5?7月，长江口径流量明显增加，海平面?径流量综合影响指数均小于0，径流的作用强于海水上溯。8月，长江口径流量开始下降，虽然季节海平面较高，但是长江口呈现明显的减水过程，海平面?径流量和增减水?径流量的综合影响指数分别为0.1和?1.6，基本不会发生咸潮入侵。9月，长江口处于季节高海平面期，并且以增水为主，海平面?径流量和增减水?径流量的综合影响指数较大，分别为1.2和1.0，易发生咸潮入侵。10月、11月长江口海平面?径流量的综合影响指数分别为1.5和0.8，径流影响弱于海水上溯，易发生咸潮入侵。(3) 2009?2018年发生的48次咸潮入侵过程有2/3恰逢天文大潮。在某些年份长江口沿海基础海平面偏高，若持续增水恰逢天文大潮，则加剧咸潮入侵的影响程度。  相似文献   

巴芬湾西部和格陵兰岛东部大气经向热量输送协同变化对夏季北极海冰的影响     

王乐  张录军  杨文发 《海洋学报(英文版)》2020,39(8):14-23

利用欧洲中心气候再分析资料和美国国家冰雪数据中心北极海冰面积资料，分析了夏季北极海冰面积与前期大气经向热量输送年际变化的联系。结果表明：6月北半球中高纬大气的经向热量输送以瞬变热量形式为主，其中巴芬湾西部（B区）和格陵兰岛东部（G区）是瞬变热量向极区传输的两个通道，二者之间存在反位相的协同变化，且这种协同变化与夏季北极海冰面积变化密切相关。可能的机制为：6月，AD、AO和NAO三种北极大气环流型能够引起巴芬湾西部和格陵兰岛东部瞬变热量输送的协同变化，这种协同变化通过涡旋动力作用激发夏季极区大气表现为AD异常，同时影响途经区域的气温，从而通过热动力作用影响夏季北极海冰。将向极区输送的热量称为暖输送，从极区输出的热量为冷输送，则上述两个区域的瞬变热量协同输送可分为三种情况：B暖G冷、B冷G暖、B和G均冷，而B和G均暖的情况十分罕见。当B区向极区输入、G区输出热量时，有利于太平洋扇区和喀拉海的海冰偏少；当G区输入、B区输出热量时，利于喀拉海和拉普捷夫海海冰偏少；当B区和G区均输出热量时，利于波佛特海南部、喀拉海和拉普捷夫海海冰偏多，反之则相反。  相似文献   

2010-2018年北极夏季中国北极科学考察航行期间被动微波遥感海冰密集度与船基目视观测资料的比较   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

修苑人  李志军  雷瑞波  王庆凯  卢鹏  Lepp&#;ranta Matti 《海洋学报(英文版)》2020,39(9):38-49

为了更有效地将卫星数据应用于北极航行导航，被动微波（PM）产品的海冰密集度（SIC）与从中国北极科学考察中收集到的船基目视观测（OBS）资料进行了比较。在2010、2012、2014、2016和2018年的北极夏季总共收集了3667组目测数据。PM SIC取自基于SSMIS传感器的NASA-Team（NT）、Bootstrap（BT）以及Climate Data Record（CDR）算法和基于AMSR-E/AMSR-2传感器的BT、enhanced NT（NT2）以及ARTIST Sea Ice（ASI）算法。使用PM SIC的日算术平均值和OBS SIC的日加权平均值进行比较。比较了PM SIC和OBS SIC之间的相关系数，偏差和均方根偏差，包括总体趋势以及在轻度/普通/严重冰况下的情况。使用OBS数据，浮冰尺寸和冰厚对不同PM产品SIC反演的影响可以通过计算浮冰尺寸编码和冰厚的日加权平均值来评估。我们的结果显示相关系数的范围为0.89（AMSR-E/AMSR-2 NT2）到0.95（SSMIS NT），偏差的范围为-3.96%（SSMIS NT）到12.05%（AMSR-E/AMSR-2），均方根偏差的范围为10.81%（SSMIS NT）到20.15%（AMSR-E/AMSR-2 NT2）。浮冰尺寸对PM产品的SIC反演有显著的影响，大多数PM产品倾向于在小浮冰尺寸情况下低估SIC，而在大浮冰尺寸情况下高估SIC。超过30 cm的冰厚对于PM产品的SIC反演没有明显影响。总体来看，在北极夏季，SSMIS NT SIC与OBS SIC之间有着最好的一致性，而AMSR-E/AMSR-2 NT2 SIC与OBS SIC的一致性最差。  相似文献   

微型近红外光谱仪测量北极积雪覆盖海冰内部太阳辐照度可行性研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

南立文  王晓萍  王杭州  周宏亮  陈鹰 《海洋学报(英文版)》2020,39(9):115-124

The extremely low temperature, high humidity and limited power supply pose considerable challenges when using spectrometers within the Arctic sea ice. The feasibility of using a miniature low-power near-infrared spectrometer module to measure solar radiation in Arctic sea ice environments was investigated in this study.Temperature and integration time dependences of the spectrometer module were examined over the entire target operating range of –50℃ to 30℃, well below the specified operating range of this spectrometer. Using these observations, a dark output prediction model was developed to represent dark output as a function of temperature and integration time. Temperature-induced biases in the saturation output and linear operating range of the spectrometer were also determined. Temperature and integration time dependences of the signal output were evaluated. Two signal output correction models were developed and compared, to convert the signal output at any temperature within the operating temperature range and integration time to that measured at the reference temperature and integration time. The overall performance of the spectrometer was evaluated by integrating it into a refined fiber optic spectrometry system and measuring solar irradiance distribution in the ice cover with thickness of 1.85 m in the Arctic during the 9th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition. The general shape of the measured solar irradiance above the snow surface agreed well with that measured by other commercial oceanographic spectroradiometers. The measured optical properties of the sea ice were generally comparable to those of similar ice measured using other instruments. This approach provides a general framework for assessing the feasibility of using spectrometers for applications in cold environments.  相似文献